Think of the dot plot as the Fed's group forecast board for the federal funds rate, the short-term rate it steers. Up to 19 officials can post a dot: the Board of Governors in Washington (as many as seven seats) plus the 12 heads of the regional Reserve Banks. Each participant marks a dot indicating their view of the appropriate midpoint of the policy range at year-end for the coming three calendar years, plus one for the longer-run setting. Markets tend to home in on the middle dot.
The chart was introduced in late 2011, when then Chair Ben Bernanke and his deputy, Janet Yellen, wanted to give the public a window into policymakers' outlook beyond the immediate rate decision.
When the dots shift, they can send a strong signal about whether officials anticipate raising or cutting rates, and they offer a reference point to compare Fed thinking with market expectations. FOMC statements still focus on current conditions and the near-term target, but the dots extend the view.
We have seen the plot steady market takes before. In June 2023, officials held the policy rate unchanged, and the dots pointing to additional hikes later that year helped cool any rush to call the tightening campaign finished.
September's chart featured 18 projections and, as usual, no names attached. It also showed a few differences among forecasts. The count was one short because Kevin Warsh declined to contribute a dot, repeating what he did at his first rate-setting meeting as chair in June. Following the most recent move to lift borrowing costs by 0.25 percentage point, he called it "a sober decision, serious decision, responsible decision, one that we have been preparing for and thinking about in my hundred and ten or twenty days here."
The anonymity of the dots is a feature that divides opinion, and it means you cannot match a projection to a person just by looking. Detractors add that the dots are not an official committee forecast. Staff weighed creating a single consensus dot, but officials judged it would be too hard to nail down across members using different models and assumptions. Another complication: only five of the 12 regional bank presidents vote on the FOMC in a given year, which clouds how closely the dots line up with voting outcomes over time.
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At his June 17 press conference, Warsh said he didn't submit a dot, argued the exercise isn't useful for conducting policy, and noted that a year-end review of Fed communications - including the dots - is in the works. Views have varied before him. In 2014, during her first press briefing as chair, Yellen cautioned that the committee didn't intend the dot plot to be the primary channel for communicating policy to the broader public.
In 2016, when officials pared their expected number of rate hikes that year to two from four, she explained that the change mainly reflected a softer outlook for global growth and tighter credit conditions. Jerome Powell, who became chair in February 2018, often downplayed the dot plot, but it proved useful at times, including June 2023 when a pause paired with higher dots curbed excessive enthusiasm about the end of hikes.
Here is where that leaves your wallet today: the Fed just lifted rates by a quarter point, and the latest dot plot contains 18 entries covering the remainder of 2026 and 2027. The dots do not tell you who thinks what, and they are not a committee promise, but they do show how policymakers collectively see the path right now. That context can help you weigh how borrowing costs and savings yields could evolve as the Fed's outlook changes.
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