Three regional Federal Reserve presidents wanted to raise interest rates at the July meeting. The rest of the committee voted to hold them steady.
The vote to keep the benchmark rate unchanged was 9 to 3, making it the fifth straight Federal Reserve meeting with no change.
The target rate stays at 3.5% to 3.75%.
The three no votes came from Beth Hammack of the Cleveland Fed, Neel Kashkari of the Minneapolis Fed, and Lorie Logan of the Dallas Fed.
These three have pushed back before. In April, the same three officials objected to the post-meeting statement's wording because it seemed to point to a reduction in rates as the likely next step. This time, they disagreed with the decision itself.
They contend that putting off anti-inflation action could lead to much harsher measures later. Hammack said it plainly: "The longer that high inflation persists, the more challenging and costly it can be to bring it back down."
Kashkari said he "would rather tighten policy incrementally as we gather more data on the path of inflation and employment."
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Hammack and Kashkari pointed to supply shocks. Hammack also called out demand-side strains in the economy. They noted that the economy is strong right now and unemployment is low.
Fresh conflict in the Middle East, along with an AI-driven investment surge, has revived inflationary pressures. That has led a growing number of Fed officials to signal openness to future hikes.
Kashkari argued that the central bank's toolkit can beat back supply-driven price pressures, just as it did during the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Wall Street had largely anticipated no change at the July 28-29 meeting.
Data released Thursday, one day after the decision, showed a 0.1% decline in June for the personal consumption expenditures index, or PCE, the Fed's favored inflation gauge. A separate inflation gauge also softened earlier this month, pulled down by a sharp drop in gasoline prices.
Yet bond markets sold off Wednesday, with 30-year Treasury yields climbing to a 19-year peak. The move followed Chairman Kevin Warsh's refusal to lay out the committee's reasoning or say what conditions might prompt a change.
Analysts caution that the softening in price growth observed in June and July could prove temporary. Crude resumed its climb in July as fighting in the Iran conflict intensified once more.
Kashkari said in a late June interview that inflation was broad-based and that he expected the Fed to probably lift rates at some point this year. At last month's meeting, he was among nine officials whose projections included a minimum of one rate increase this year.
The latest projections reinforced the divide, and the 9-3 vote at this meeting mirrors that split.
The internal debate now centers on how much patience the Fed can afford while price pressures persist.
For investors, the unchanged rate means borrowing costs stay where they have been for five straight meetings, but the 9-3 vote and the jump in long-term Treasury yields make clear that the next move is not settled. The declining PCE reading offered some relief, yet the renewed climb in crude prices could keep inflation pressures alive. Investors are waiting for clearer guidance from the Fed.
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