• A put option is a contract that gives you the right to sell a stock at a set price before a set date.
• Investors use put options to protect their portfolio against losses or to profit when they think a stock will drop.
• The most you can lose when buying a put option is the premium you paid for the contract.

• Free cash flow is the cash a company has left after paying its bills and putting money back into the business.
• Investors use free cash flow to figure out what a company is really worth - and if the stock is a good deal.
• You can find free cash flow on a company's cash flow report, one of three key reports every public company files.

Non taxable income is money you earn that the IRS does not tax - like Roth IRA cash, muni bond interest, and certain investment gains. The U.S. tax code taxes workers, investors, and business owners at very different rates. Tools like Roth accounts, muni bonds, and real estate write-offs can help you keep more of what you earn.

• A Nasdaq index fund lets you invest in the 100 biggest non-bank companies on the stock market all at once.
• You can access the Nasdaq through index funds, mutual funds, or ETFs like QQQ - each with its own fees, trading rules, and style.
• Picking the right Nasdaq index fund comes down to three things: who runs it, what is in it, and what it costs.

• Wealth is about owning assets that grow and pay you - not just earning a high salary.
• In a capitalist system, there are two ways to get paid: from your labor and from your capital.
• Building wealth takes a shift in mindset, a money system, and the habit of investing before you spend.

• Micron (MU) is the only U.S. company that makes HBM chips - the short-term memory layer that AI systems need to run.
• By early 2026, data centers were using about 70% of all memory chips made in the world, creating an 18-month backlog for new orders.
• Micron's DRAM - or short-term memory chip - revenue jumped 69% year over year, and the company shifted away from consumer products to focus almost entirely on AI.

• Working capital is current assets minus current liabilities - it shows if a business can pay its short-term bills.
• You find it on a company's balance sheet inside its 10-K report.
• Changes in working capital show up on the cash flow statement and affect how much cash a business really makes.

You've probably heard the term "meme stock" thrown around on […]

• Enterprise value (EV) shows what a company is really worth - debt and cash included - not just its stock price
• The enterprise value formula is: Market Cap + Total Debt - Cash and Cash Equivalents
• Investors use EV with metrics like EBITDA to compare stocks more fairly than market cap alone

• Return on equity (ROE) measures how much profit a company earns for every dollar of shareholder equity
• The formula is simple: net income divided by shareholder equity
• A higher ROE can signal a company that is good at turning investor money into profit - but it is not the full picture